impact of consequentialism in healthcare
On the one hand, the use of FRT to monitor the safety of dementia patients could be perceived as having benefits that outweigh the burdens of surveillance. Killing the one Indian is going to have a profound effect on Jims life but for the consequentialist, Jims values are irrelevant. Clinical Informatics News. Nurs Ethics. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Epub 2022 Apr 9. Borsos Z, Gyori M. Can automated facial expression analysis show differences between autism and typical functioning? Again, consequentialism forces us to put our commitments second, regardless of how strongly we are connected to them or how much pleasure we derive from them. Discussion: As with any new health technology, careful attention should be paid to the accuracy and validity of FRT used in health care applications as well as to informed consent and reporting incidental findings to patients. Act consequentialism is the claim that an act is morally right if and only if that act maximizes the good, that is, if and only if the total amount of good for all minus the total amount of bad for all is greater than this net amount for any incompatible act available to the agent on that occasion. Through alienating ourselves Railton shows that adopting ones exclusive ultimate end in life in the pursuit of maximum happiness may well prevent one from having experiences or engaging in certain sorts of commitments that are among the greatest sources of happiness (Alienation, Consequentialism and the Demands of Morality, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 1984). He said, she said: Investigating the Christian Porter Case. Consequentialism Consequentialism is an ethical theory that judges whether or not something is right by what its consequences are. Disclaimer. In contemporary moral philosophy, deontology is one of those kinds of normative theories regarding which choices are morally required, forbidden, or . Forbes. Updated October 19, 2016. When a service user is speaking to a health care professional it is important for them to listen properly, for example not looking around and yawning, instead make eye contact and ensuring body language looks engaging. Samples. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The simplest form of consequentialism is classical (or hedonistic) utilitarianism, which asserts that an action is right or wrong according to whether it maximizes the net balance of pleasure over pain in the universe. In order to meet these challenges effectively, we need to identify how nurses contribute the resolution of these dilemmas. Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. To have complete access to the thousands of philosophy articles on this site, please, Jim finds himself in the central square of a small South American town. Shakya S, Sharma S, Basnet A. And this is the central problem; that Jims values are seen as unimportant when it comes to deciding how he should act in the given situation. Employers might also be interested in using FRT tools to predict mood or behavior as well as to predict longevity, particularly for use in wellness programs to lower employers health care costs. Utilitarianism is one of the forms of consequentialism that states that everything has a consequence. He is likely to have his own commitments in which murder (rather than letting others die) would go against his most fundamental beliefs. 2012 Jul;68(7):1516-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05897.x. Nurs Ethics. Indeed, many Now, if the foreign power does intervene on the basis of humanitarian concerns to liberate the minority from the reign of terror that subjects to such misery and death, war becomes a necessary and moral objective on part of the foreign power to liberate the minority people. Use of facial recognition technology for medical purposes: balancing privacy with innovation. Accessed July 24, 2018. As the saga unfolds we are to monitor, measure and maximise the consequences for the greater good of the larger number. Careers. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Consequentialism Deontology (Biomedical Ethics) Charles Lohman . Background: But it's more than just one rival among many, for every plausible moral theory must concede that the goodness of an act's consequences is something that matters even if it's not the only thing that matters. Consequentialism claims that whether an action is right or wrong depends on the consequences that it brings about. An official website of the United States government. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Also, it is advantageous because there is no guesswork; the physician does not have to predictconsequences because while . Indeed, no one can know the future with certainty. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. It presents Utilitarianism as characterised by the following five features: (1) consequentialism, (2) welfarism, (3) equality of moral status and impartiality, (4) maximisation, (5) aggregation. Cohen IG, Amarasingham R, Shah A, Xie B, Lo B. Mazura JC, Juluru K, Chen JJ, Morgan TA, John M, Siegel EL. Wellcome TrustFunded Monographs and Book Chapters. Medical News Today. January 9, 2017. https://www.wired.com/2017/01/computers-can-tell-glance-youve-got-genetic-disorders/. . 2020 Feb;27(1):258-272. doi: 10.1177/0969733019832941. FRT systems can store data as a complete facial image or as a facial template.34 Facial templates are considered biometric data and thus personally identifiable information.35 The idea that a photo can reveal private health information is relatively new, and privacy regulations and practices are still catching up. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, Pub L No. Something is then considered "wrong" if it creates the opposite reaction. Core values versus common sense: consequentialist views appear less rooted in morality. The ethics of clinical innovation in psychopharmacology: challenging traditional bioethics. Taking an impersonal standpoint leads to alienation; this is the state of someone who has become separated from their commitments to themselves and others. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. Information, consent, and informed consent. Consequentialism Consequentialism is a type of teleological theory -- consequentialist theories suggest that the moral value, the moral rightness or wrongness of an act, is entirely a function of the consequences, or the results of that act. Changes in the Earth's climate can affect public health, agriculture, water supplies, energy production and use, land use and development, and recreation. When expanded it provides a list of search options that will switch the search inputs to match the current selection. The Ethical Theory. 2020 Jun;27(4):1032-1043. doi: 10.1177/0969733020906594. Wicklund E. EHR provider touts mHealth access by Apples facial recognition app. She earned a JD from Harvard Law School and a PhD from the University of Chicago in comparative human development. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted 8600 Rockville Pike No other adults or swimmers are anywhere to be seen, so without your help the child will drown. Accessed May 24, 2018. Conseque. Blease had argued that patients' attention should be . mHealthIntelligence. . The most famous version of this theory is utilitarianism. Maximizing Consequentialism = moral rightness depends only on which consequences are best (as opposed to satisfactory or an improvement over the status quo). We've updated our privacy policy. 124). To identify the values, beliefs and contextual influences that inform decision-making. On the next ward is Patient A who has a curable disease and also is a suitable donor for the other patients. Conclusion: "The rationale isn't that they're more worthy; it's that they can contribute in the longer run to saving more lives.". There are several varieties of utilitarianism. New technology may provide the answer. Human behavior prediction using facial expression analysis. Utilitarianism (also called consequentialism) is a moral theory developed and refined in the modern world in the writings of Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). Participants were recruited from all settings working with patients of any age and any diagnosis. Accessed March 28, 2017. Counselling and bespoke consulting programs to help you make better decisions and navigate complexity. Facial shape analysis identifies valid cues to aspects of physiological health in Caucasian, Asian, and African populations. Balthazar P, Harri P, Prater A, Safdar NM. By signing up you agree to our privacy policy. FRT tools that assist with identification, monitoring, and diagnosis are expected to play a prominent role in the future of health care.6,18 Some applications have already been implemented.13,19 As FRT is increasingly utilized in health care settings, informed consent will need to be obtained not only for collecting and storing patients images but also for the specific purposes for which those images might be analyzed by FRT systems.20 In particular, patients might not be aware that their images could be used to generate additionally clinically relevant information. Given its insistence on summing the benefits and harms of all people, utilitarianism asks us to look beyond self-interest to consider impartially the interests of all persons affected by our actions. The nature and extent of these effects, and whether they will be harmful or beneficial, will vary regionally and over time. Therefore, the absolutist claim that war is wholly a bad thing, or that it cannot be for a good cause despite its undesirability, is reasonably refuted. Submit a manuscript for peer review consideration. https://research.nhgri.nih.gov/atlas/. Mack H. FDNA launches app-based tool for clinicians using facial recognition, AI and genetic big data to improve rare disease diagnosis and treatment. For consequentialism, life is a numbers game; an action should aim to make the majority happy, regardless of who they are, and should aim to go for actions that produce minimal pain. Deontology: sticking to your obligations and duties, so focusing on intentions rather than the outcomes of actions. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. The pros and cons of utilitarianism show us that there is a time and place where these principles offer a potential benefit to society. Facial recognition software success rates for the identification of 3D surface reconstructed facial images: implications for patient privacy and security. We've encountered a problem, please try again. The consequentialism theory suggests that the correct moral response is related to the . Ghaemi SN, Goodwin FK. 2007;2(1):26. MobiHealthNews. Findings: In-depth content analysis of the data was undertaken via NVivo coding and thematic identification. The result justifies the means are based on a consequentialism. Accessed July 25, 2018. . Guidance regarding methods for de-identification of protected health information in accordance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule. Utilitarianism in this instance appears to give the morally incorrect answer. 5 Health Care Ethics - Critical Issues for the 21st Century; Eileen E. Morrison ; About the . October 6, 2017. http://www.clinicalinformaticsnews.com/2017/10/06/3d-facial-recognition-gives-healthcare-data-a-new-look.aspx. The committee evaluates the impact of relationships on health care. Consequentialism is an ethical theory that judges whether or not something is right by what its consequences are. Is it okay to do bad things for a good cause? Christianity is one form of deontology and the Ten Commandments represent one set of rules. Hossain MS, Muhammad G. Cloud-assisted framework for health monitoring. Consequentialism Ethics Consequentialism focus on the outcome or consequence of the actions. Robert M. Taylor, in Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 2013 Deontology. Bias. Patient privacy. Consequentialism teaches that people should do whatever produces the greatest amount of good consequences. In: Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Computing, Communication and Automation (ICCCA); April 29-30, 2016; Noida, India:399-404. This is a worldview without tragedy or realism. Perhaps it can in some way be quantified, so that if carrying out some act would damage the integrity of the individual so grievously that the maximum utility could be reached only if they failed to act, then not acting would be the right thing to do. health ethics. Williams furthers this explanation; making the best of a bad job is one of its maxims, and it will have something to say even on the difference between massacring seven million, and massacring seven million and one (Consequentialism and its Critics, 1988). Is a theory of moral obligation their proponent puts it forth as a framework within which a person can correctly determine, on any given occasion, what he or she (morally) ought to do [ 2 ]. Cachn-Prez JM, Gonzalez-Villanueva P, Rodriguez-Garcia M, Oliva-Fernandez O, Garcia-Garcia E, Fernandez-Gonzalo JC. http://arxiv.org/abs/1403.0485. It provides criteria and rules for moral evaluation and decision making. and transmitted securely. It is frequently maintained that an exclusively consequentialist morality uniquely possesses certain advantages; I shall argue that the case for the superiority of consequentialism has yet to be made out. Medium. Consequentialism is a type of normative ethical theory which states that the moral quality of an action is completely determined by its consequences, and nothing else. So, if Oliver had a wide network of adoring cat lovers because of his friendly, playful nature, unlike Benjy who prefers a life of peaceful solitude I should save Oliver as this would cause the least pain and produce the most pleasure for the people that know him. Roughly speaking, the consequentialist believes that outcomes are all that matter, and that people should therefore endeavor to act so as to produce the best consequences, based on an impartial perspective as to what is best. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. Cloud-assisted speech and face recognition framework for health monitoring. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Keywords: If Jim refuses to kill anyone then he is therefore responsible for the deaths of the others. An official website of the United States government. The desire to save people's lives sometimes does not allow doctors to understand that some patients want the opposite. FRT is being developed to predict health characteristics, such as longevity and aging. Machine learning and the profession of medicine. Consequentialism in scenario. Accessed August 1, 2018. And it gives this general guidance on how to live: People should live so as to maximise good consequences. _____ ethics looks to the nature of relationships to guide participants in making difficult decisions. From a consequentialist point of view it doesnt matter who commits the murder, merely the amount of lives lost in the end, so Jim would be just as responsible for the deaths as the captain is surely an absurd outcome. The strong point of consequentialism is that it provides a clear and easy-to-understand guideline. This is the basis of duty based ethics, also known as deontology, which we will turn our attention to in the next post. Nurses' professional relationships are central to nurses' contributions to the resolution of ethical dilemmas. Consequentialism requires that the agent should step outside herself, as it were, and assess the consequences not in terms of prior commitments, but just on the results produced. Nurses experiences of ethical dilemmas: A review. Privacy and data protections are key to advancing FRT and making it helpful. He noticed morality as an important part of daily life but also noticed there was no logical reason for following moral rules except for recognition from others or fear of punishment. Four major themes emerged: 'best for the patient', 'accountability', 'collaboration and conflict' and 'concern for others'. Also, it does not matter who performs the action, only the action itself as Williams example shows. The best-known consequentialist ethical theory is utilitarianism, which says that the wrongness or rightness of an action depends on the amount of overall good or utility that is produced. But if telling a lie. There are two broad schools of ethical theory: consequentialism and non-consequentialism. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Furthermore, consumer-centred healthcare is becoming heavily reliant on digital technology. Deontology: Deontology : Advantages: This moral theory is very useful in making impartial decisions. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. To this objection, the consequentialist can protest that alienation can be a virtue. National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health. The same could be said for Jim who by doing nothing is responsible for the lives of the twenty Indians. Consequentialism is sometimes criticized because it can be difficult, or even impossible, to know what the result of an action will be ahead of time. Williams example shows that consequentialism disregards the agents own personal commitments and allows for negative responsibility. Of course, if Jim refuses, then there is no special occasion, and Pedro here will do what he was about to do when Jim arrived, and kill them all The men against the wall and the other villagers understand the situation, and are obviously begging him to accept. So by treating the individual as merely a means to an end, consequentialism may turn out to be self-defeating. The consequentialism theory supports the decision because it has more benefits than harm. 2021 Sep 17;18(18):9786. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18189786. Facial recognition technology (FRT) utilizes software to map a persons facial characteristics and then store the data as a face template.1 Algorithms or machine learning techniques are applied to a database to compare facial images or to find patterns in facial features for verification or authentication purposes.2 FRT is attractive for a variety of health care applications, such as diagnosing genetic disorders, monitoring patients, and providing health indicator information (related to behavior, aging, longevity, or pain experience, for example).3-5, FRT is likely to become a useful tool for diagnosing many medical and genetic conditions.6,7 Machine learning techniques, in which a computer program is trained on a large data set to recognize patterns and generates its own algorithms on the basis of learning,8 have already been used to assist in diagnosing a patient with a rare genetic disorder that had not been identified after years of clinical effort.9 Machine learning can also detect more subtle correlations between facial morphology and genetic disorders than clinicians.4 It is thought that FRT can therefore eventually be used to assist in earlier detection and treatment of genetic disorders,10,11 and computer applications (commonly known as apps) such as Face2Gene have been developed to assist clinicians in diagnosing genetic disorders.12, FRT has other potential health care applications. Join us! Bookshelf Information. Accessibility Broader influence of FRT. There are rewards if you do something good, and there are repercussions if you do something wrong. An action that brings about more benefit than harm is good, while an action that causes more harm than benefit is not. In: Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 28th Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE); May 3-6, 2015; Halifax, Canada:1199-1202. Philos Public Aff. Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008, Pub L No. Indeed, society as a whole is more important than any one person in the eyes of a Utilitarian. The consequentialist could retort that in calculating what course of action is right, the individuals integrity can be taken into account. As considered here, numerous applications of FRT in health care settings suggest the ethical, clinical, and legal importance of informed consent, data input and analysis quality, effective communication about incidental findings, and potential influence on patient-clinician relationships. On the other, FRT medication adherence monitoring might not be sufficiently effective in improving adherence to outweigh the risk of undermining trust in the patient-physician relationship.42. The standardized definition of Utilitarianism is that actions are defined as being "right" or "correct" based on the ability it has to promote happiness. Int J Environ Res Public Health. As with any clinical innovation, FRT tools should be expected to demonstrate accuracy for specific uses and to demonstrate that overall benefits outweigh risks.26 Detecting and evaluating bias in data and results should also receive close ethical scrutiny.27 In machine learning, the quality of the results reflects the quality of data input to the system28an issue sometimes referred to as garbage in, garbage out. For example, when images used to train software are not drawn from a pool that is sufficiently racially diverse, the system may produce racially biased results.29 If this happens, FRT diagnostics might not work as well for some racial or ethnic groups as others. But Jim has to actively kill someone unlike the duck feeder for whom the only bad consequences are that he will get wet and muddy. In effect we become moral martyrs, surrendering our integrity (leading to alienation) in order to achieve what they believe is morally right. Also, in certain situations, consequentialism can lead to decisions that are objectionable, even though the consequences are arguably good. Consequentialism is based on two principles: Whether an act is right or wrong depends only on the results of that act The more good consequences an act produces, the better or more right that act.